There were 199 (65

There were 199 (65.8%) individuals with CKD at pre-dialysis stage, and 103 on regular haemodialysis (Table 1). individuals were anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody positive, 23 were anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG positive and 37 experienced detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in Pomalidomide-PEG4-C-COOH serum. The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 20.5% (60/302). All individuals positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tested bad by nasopharyngeal swab. A significant and independent relationship between anti-SARS-CoV-2-positive serologic status and serum albumin (a marker of nutritional status) was observed (p <0.046). The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody was higher in CKD than in control populations (health care workers and blood donors) attending the hospital a few months before the current study (7.6% and 5.2%, respectively). Conclusions: The great prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody in our study group could be, at least partially, explained with the fact that our individuals were living in Milan, an area seriously hit by SARS-CoV-2 illness. It seems that a poor nutritional status supports the acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 antibody in CKD individuals. Clinical studies to understand the mechanisms responsible for the high rate of recurrence of SARS-CoV-2 illness are under way. Keywords:chronic kidney disease, COVID-19, dialysis, epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2, serology == 1. Intro == The Western Centre for Disease Prevention and Control offers reported (since 31 December 2019 and as of week 2022-17) 512,690,034 instances of COVID-19 worldwide (in accordance with the applied case meanings and screening strategies in the affected countries), including 6,252,316 deaths [1]. COVID-19 is definitely a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); it was originally reported in Wuhan, China, and since then offers spread worldwide [2,3]. The World Health Business (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020 [4]. The medical manifestations of illness by SARS-CoV-2 are heterogeneous [5]; COVID-19 individuals can be asymptomatic, and it has been determined that at least a TSPAN3 third of people who are infected do not develop apparent symptoms. Individuals with COVID-19 can display mild symptoms of the upper respiratory tract or develop viral pneumonia with respiratory failure and eventually death. Further, multi-organ involvement has been observed in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 illness Pomalidomide-PEG4-C-COOH (damage to kidneys, heart and gastrointestinal tract). As an example, acute kidney injury is definitely common in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 illness during their hospital stay [6,7] Individuals with end-stage kidney disease on long-term dialysis have an increased risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2; they generally have some putative risk factors for COVID-19 including advanced age, high rate of recurrence of comorbidities (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, among others), or dense urban geographic location [8]. Pre-dialysis or dialysis individuals have an impaired immune (cellular and humoral) response conferred from uraemia. The death rate in dialysis individuals with SARS-CoV-2 Pomalidomide-PEG4-C-COOH illness appears much greater than that reported in those dialysis individuals who are not infected. Relating to recent data from 12,501 individuals undergoing maintenance dialysis in Canada, 187 (1.5%) were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection; the case fatality rate was 28.3% and 5.8% in SARS-CoV-2 infected and non-infected individuals on dialysis [9]. Serologic screening can be used to monitor the rate of recurrence of the disease and to evaluate screening guidelines or protocols to limit transmission within dialysis facilities. The evidence in the medical literature concerning the epidemiology and medical significance of antibody towards SARS-CoV-2 in CKD populace is very scarce [5]. This study investigates Pomalidomide-PEG4-C-COOH the prevalence and risk factors for detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody inside a cohort of chronic kidney disease individuals on regular follow-up at a major hospital of Milan city. The metropolitan part of Milan is located in Lombardy, undoubtedly the Italian region most affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. == 2. Results == From 10 August 2020 to 15 February 2021, 302 individuals with chronic kidney disease offered a blood sample and completed the questionnaire. There were 199 (65.8%) individuals with CKD at pre-dialysis stage, and 103 on regular haemodialysis (Table 1). We found 62 (20.5%) individuals with positive serology for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody, all tested negative by nasopharyngeal swab. Two individuals were anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody positive, 23 were anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG positive and 37 experienced detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in serum. Weak positive individuals were not regarded as anti-SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals. ELISA testing showed that IgG SARS-CoV-2-positive sera experienced greater levels of optical denseness compared with those from SARS-CoV-2-bad individuals, 6.14 5.37 vs. 0.67 0.95,p= 0.0001. == Table 1. == Characteristics of CKD individuals at baseline. NS = not significant. Underlying nephropathies were as follows: diabetic nephropathy (n= 48), nephroangiosclerosis (n= 109), APKD (n= 7), obstructive nephropathy (n= 10), glomerulonephritis (n= 34), unfamiliar (n= 49) as Pomalidomide-PEG4-C-COOH well as others (n= 44). No difference occurred concerning the distribution of underlying nephropathies between individuals having anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody in serum and.